By Dan Burden, content specialist, AgMRC, Iowa State University, djburden@iastate.edu 

Profile revised February 2008 by Diane Huntrods, AgMRC, Iowa State University.
 

Overview
Hybrid striped bass are a laboratory cross between striped bass (rockfish) (Morone saxatilis) and white bass (Morone chrysops). The crosses also are know as “wipers.” Hybrid striped bass are not capable of reproducing with one another; however, they may backcross with either striped bass or white bass. Hybrids of this type are produced for their fast growth rate, generally increased harvestable size and offspring vigor. The parent species, as well as the hybrid offspring, are voracious predators and are fed high-protein, grain-based diets to prevent rampant cannibalization in closed production systems.

Striped Bass
When they are breeding migrants in freshwater, striped bass are anadromous fish associated with coastal streams. Otherwise, they are coastal saltwater residents. In landlocked freshwater systems, striped bass may run from a lake into a river system, spending the majority of their life cycle in the larger body of water but returning to freshwater streams to spawn. They occur along the Atlantic coast from the St. Lawrence River to the St. Johns River, Florida, as well as the Gulf of Mexico and tributaries in Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana. They are an important recreational fish species in the United States and have been introduced into many large reservoir systems as a sport fish.

White Bass
The distribution of white bass includes the St. Lawrence River west through the Great Lakes states from New York to Minnesota, west to South Dakota and south in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys to the Gulf of Mexico. Its natural range has been greatly enhanced as a result of sport-fish stocking programs. White bass are generally found in schools in large streams, lakes and reservoirs. They prefer clear water and tend to be found over sand, rock or gravel bottoms. Spawning begins in the spring as water temperatures approach 55°F to 60°F. A single female may produce up to 500,000 eggs.
 
Production
Currently, production of hybrid striped bass usually begins with “in-house” brood stock or with fingerlings purchased from other producer’s rearing facilities. Fingerlings are reared at 79°F in hard water at a pH maintained at between 6.5 and 8.5 with a dissolved oxygen level above 6.0 ppm. Most hybrids are tank reared, although there is some interest in rearing them in ponds in the southern states.

Hybrid striped bass “wipers” are cultured in private facilities mainly for supply to the restaurant and supermarket trade as a food fish or a fresh or frozen, filleted product. Much is sold as a “whole-fresh” product to high-end restaurants and some is exported by air-freight to European markets. Properly frozen fish have a shelf life of up to four months.

Hybrid striped bass production is rapidly expanding in the United States. Annual production has increased from about 400,000 pounds in 1987 to about 11 million pounds in 2005. According to the latest Census of Aquaculture, 67 of the 87 farms raising hybrid striped bass in 2005 emphasized the production of foodsize striped bass, with total sales of $27.7 million. A much smaller number of farms, a total of 17, raised stockers. Production growth is a response to some reduction in natural fishery stocks of striped bass, generally increased urban-based market demand for seafood and the development of improved culture techniques for this species. Other countries, including Taiwan, Israel and Italy, have extensive, expanding production systems.  (Source: Ludwig, G.M., 2004, Hybrid Striped Bass Production: Fingerling Production in Ponds, SRAC, Publication No. 302; http://srac.tamu.edu/302fs.pdf)

Other Links

• Alaska Mariculture - Alaska state mariculture site includes razor clam restoration information, permit information, overviews of state production and related information from the Alaskan Department of Fish and Game.
• Aquaculture Certification Council - A nongovernmental body established to certify social, environmental and food safety standards at aquaculture facilities throughout the world. This Missouri nonprofit, nonmember public benefit corporation builds on elements of the voluntary Global Aquaculture Alliance Responsible Aquaculture Program system that combines site inspections and effluent sampling with sanitary controls, therapeutic controls and product traceability.
• Aquaculture (Domestic Production and International Trade Information), FSAonline, USDA.
• Aquaculture in Hawaii - Hawaii Aquaculture web page, an information source and guide to getting started in aquaculture in Hawaii, presented by the State Aquaculture Development Program (ADP), State Department of Agriculture.
• The Aquaculture Network Information Center - The Aquaculture Network Information Center is a gateway to the world's electronic aquaculture resources.
• Aquaculture Resources - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), fisheries market news and statistic summaries (aquaculture results by catch, available grants, new marine product food safety guidelines, endangered natural stocks, export guidelines for shipments to the European Union, links and addresses of many National Marine Fisheries Support Offices, and other information. Site includes information on Department of Commerce Aquaculture Policy, the National Aquaculture Act of 1980, recent NOAA Aquaculture Policy and breaking research and legislative news.
• Aquatic Network - Aquaculture topics, educational information, publications and products and services listing.
• Census of Aquaculture (2005), USDA, October 2006. 
• Aquaculture, Briefing Room, ERS, USDA.
• FishLink.com - An Internet information and resource for aquaculture and fisheries. Contains directories, news, statistics and other related information.
• Great Lakes Aquaculture (Sea Grant): Aquaculture and Sea Food Safety - Overview of various programs and initiatives of the Great Lakes Sea Grant Program. Sea Grant researchers are studying several fish species suitable for aquaculture in the Midwest, including walleye, sturgeon, hybrid striped bass, sunfish, bait fish, yellow perch, tilapia, bluegill, crappie, bullhead, crayfish and a variety of salmonids. A variety of techniques are being examined including pond culture, cage culture and indoor contained systems. The Great Lakes Sea Grant Network also has developed a regional resource list of aquaculture publications and audiovisuals for current and potential aquaculturists.
• Hybrid Striped Bass, North Carolina State University Aquaculture Extension.
• Hybrid Striped Bass Economic Spreadsheet, North Carolina Dept. of Agriculture and Consumer Services.
• National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Commercial Services: Aquaculture and Seafood- Contains leads, current and historical trade statistics, import requirements, news and regulatory information. This mission of the Trade and Commercial Service staff is to promote and facilitate trade for the U.S. seafood and aquaculture industries by expanding existing markets and opening new ones for the U.S. producers and processors.
• Permaculture: Aquaculture - Huge bibliography of written resources and links from CrescentMeadow.com., Crescent Meadow Systems, a pemaculture reference site.
• Pond Dynamics/Aquaculture - The Pond Dynamics/Aquaculture Collaborative Research Support Program (PD/A CRSP) represents an international, multi-disciplinary effort to improve human nutrition through pond aquaculture research. The work of the PD/A CRSP benefits both domestic and international aquaculture.
• Striped Bass Growers Association - Nonprofit, membership corporation.
• World Aquaculture Society - International society of aquaculturalists working to improve education and communication within the industry.

Profile prepared June 2005 and revised February 2008.