• Eco Labels
• Genetically Modified Foods

General Labeling Considerations

• California Wine and the EU Wine Policy Reform; Henrich Brunke, Rolf A. E. Mueler and Daniel A. Sumner; AIC Issues Brief, University of California, 2008 - This report discusses U.S. trade with European Union (EU) countries and EU policies on vineyard removal, planting rights, chaptalization, labeling and end of distillation support.
• Certification and Labeling Considerations for Agricultural Producers, Western Extension Marketing Committee, University of Arizona, 2005.
• Claims Guidance for Meat and Poultry Labels, Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), USDA - This section provides clarification on natural vs. organic, animal production claims and labeling organic products.
• Commercial Item Descriptions, Ag Marketing Service (AMS), USDA - This site contains descriptions used to determine food products.
• COOL Grocery Labeling, AMS, USDA, YouTube, 2010.
• COOL Rules are not Expected to be a Burden on Growers, Vegetable Growers News, 2008 - Country of origin labeling (COOL) rules requiring retailers of perishable agricultural commodities to inform consumers of the product’s country of origin at the final point of sale will likely go into effect on September 30. 
• The Decline in Consumer Use of Food Nutrition Labels, 1995-2006, Economic Research Service (ERS), USDA, 2008 - This report examines changes in consumers’ use of nutrition labels on food packages between 1995-96 and 2005-06. Although a majority of consumers report using nutrition labels when buying food, use has declined for most label components, including nutrition facts and information about calories, fats, cholesterol and sodium. In contrast, use of fiber information has increased.
• Do Food Labels Make a Difference? . . . Sometimes, Amber Waves magazine, ERS, USDA, 2007.
• Does the Organic Label Really Mean What Consumers Want it to Mean?, Cornell University, 2002 - This article examines consumer attitudes toward organic food.
• Ecolabel Value Assessment: Consumer and Food Business Perceptions of Local Foods, Leopold Center, Iowa State University, 2003 - This study identified consumer attitudes and perceptions of food labeling issues and willingness to pay for locally grown foods.
• Establishment Labeling Responsibilities, FSIS, USDA - Meat, poultry and egg product establishments are responsible for accurately labeling their product for human consumption. All labels must be approved by FSIS.
• Food Allergens
• Food Allergen Labeling, Details of the Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act of 2004.
• Food Ingredients - Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) - A substance added to food must be approved by FDA unless its use is GRAS.
• Food Labeling, U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO), January 2011 - FDA's efforts to identify false or potentially misleading qualified health claims on foods "are hampered by the lack of access to the evidence that a company relies on to make such a claim," according to a report from the GAO. While FDA may ask a company to provide scientific evidence to support such a claim, it does not have the legal authority to compel the company to do so.
• Food Labeling, National Agricultural Law Center, University of Arkansas, 2009.
• Food Labeling Guide, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA - FDA has set minimum type sizes of  6 and 8 points for various label copy. There are minimum spacing requirements between lines of copy.
• Food Labeling Policies, FSIS, USDA.
• Food Labeling Procedures, FSIS, USDA.
• Food Labeling Questions and Answers, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA - This includes information regarding nutrition, servings and food sold in bulk containers.
• Food Product Labeling Basics, Oklahoma State University.
• Food Standards: Requirements for Substitute Standardized Meat and Poultry Products Named by Use of an Expressed Nutrient Content Claim and a Standardized Term, FSIS, USDA, 2005 - The FSIS published its final rule allowing the use of nutrient claims in the names of meat products. The rule became effective January 1, 2008. Under the rule, processors will be able to add nutrient claims to the names of existing standards of identity. For instance, a pork sausage product can be altered slightly to make a "low-fat pork sausage" product or a hot dog vendor could offer "reduced sodium chicken franks" as long as the claims are true. Other claims authorized include "fat-free," "low-fat," "low cholesterol," "light" and the like.
• Health Claims, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA - Appendix C of the Food Labeling Guide contains a summary of health claims approved for use on food and dietary supplement labels.
• Health Claim or Nutrient Content Claim Based on an Authoritative Statement of a Scientific Body, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA - FDA has prepared a guide on how a firm can make use of authoritative statement-based health claims.
• Mandatory Country of Origin Labeling (COOL) Final Rule, AMS, USDA, 2009 - The final COOL rule became effective March 16, 2009. The rule covers beef (including ground beef), pork, chicken, lamb and goat; wild and farm-raised fish and shellfish; fresh and frozen fruits and vegetables; and certain nuts (macadamia, pecans and peanuts).
• Meat and Poultry Labeling Terms, FSIS, USDA.
• Meat, Poultry to Have Nutrition Labels by 2012, MSNBC.com, December 29, 2010 - Labels will list number of caleries, grams of total fat and saturated fat, USDA says.
• Nutrient Content Claims, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA.
• Nutrition Labeling in the Food-Away-From-Home Sector: An Economic Assessment, ERS, USDA, 2005 - Current nutrition labeling law exempts much of the food purchased away from home from mandatory labeling regulations.
• Qualified Health Claims, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA.
• Relative (or Comparative) Nutrient Content Claims, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA.
• Statement of Interim Policy on Carbohydrate Labeling Statements, Labeling and Consumer Protection, FSIS, USDA.
• Structure/Function Claims, Small Entity Compliance Guide, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA.
• Trans Fat on Food Labels, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, FDA - FDA requires food manufacturers to list trans fat on Nutrition Facts labels.
• Trans Fats, Health and Nutritional Labeling of Foods, Oklahoma State University.
• U.S. Healthy Eating Trends Part 1: Commitment Trumps the Economic Pinch, Nielsen Wire, January 26, 2010 -  Products labeled "natural" outsold organics by four to one.
• What’s on a Food Label?, Kansas State University, 2006 - This eight-page guide reviews what information appears on a product. An explanation is given for listing ingredients, nutrition facts, serving size and other related information.

Links checked January 2011.